Medical Research and Dependent People Essay -- Medicine Science Argume

Medical Research and Dependent People How may children and other dependent individuals are subjects in research projects to which they cannot consent and from which they cannot benefit? This topic was much discussed in the United States about twenty-five years ago, but has recently reemerged in the discussion of the European Convention on bioethics and through current discussion in the medical literature of the kinds of consent and experiments appropriate in the Third World. I summarize the U.S. discussion and "solution," present the current European discussion, and conclude with a proposal for understanding and organizing the participation of dependent people in medical experiments. Most of the attempts to understand dependent individuals’ participation in non-therapeutic experiments have attempted to assimilate that participation to a model of informed consent appropriate for adults. I argue that such understanding is false to the nature both of dependency and non-therapeutic experiments. The dependency of child hood, which serves my model, is best viewed in the context of a family committed to the full development of children. Given that commitment, the family involves itself in many activities in the hope of the physical, intellectual and moral development of its members. Non-therapeutic experiments are best seen, not in terms of risk, but in terms of the time and energy commitments they require of participants. Given these understandings of dependency and non-therapeutic experiments, I argue that care-givers are competent to involve themselves and their dependents in scientific work. How may children and other dependent individuals be subjects in research projects to which they cannot consent and from which they canno... ...and the Freedom to Take Risks," NEJM (1982) 307:1157. Paul Ramsey, The Patient as Person (New Haven, 1973). Paul Ramsey, "The Enforcement of Morals: Nontherapeutic Research on Children," Hastings Center Report 6(1976), 26 - 28. Paul Ramsey, "Some Rejoinders, Journal of Religious Ethics (1976) 4:215 - 223. Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals (Washington, D.C. 1948), reprinted in Mappes and DeGrazia, Biomedical Ethics, 4th ed. (McGraw-Hill, 1996), p. 199. United States National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Research Involving Children: Report and Recommendations (Washington, D.C., 1977). World Medical Association, Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations Guiding Physicians in Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, Reprinted in JAMA, (1979) 277: 925 - 926.

A Review of Things Fall Apart

Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, is the story of tribal Africa both before and during the colonial period.The story follows the main character, Okonkwo, through his life as a highly respected man in his tribe, an accident that forced him away, his anger at the white man moving in and changing things, and his untimely death at his own hand. Things Fall Apart is a moving tale that speaks of the normalcy of tribal life before the arrival of the white man, and the falling apart of society as it was known due to the introduction of Christianity and the white man’s law.Chinua Achebe’s purpose in writing this story was to present the colonial period in Africa through the eyes of the people it really affected. Achebe uses the first and second portions of his novel to explain what everyday life was like in a fictional section of Africa before the white man came (Achebe, 1959).Through his writing, the reader learns much about the way these people lived. Every part of their so ciety, from cooking to house building to tribal ranks, is covered in detail, but it is told through the eyes of people who would have really lived that way.Achebe seems to wish for his readers to see that there was more to African tribes than what little was told about them in history books. He pulls the reader in and makes them a part of the tribe by explaining everything in minute detail. It almost feels as if one is in the camps as they read.The controversy that Achebe focuses on is the ruin of tribal society by the arrival of the white man, the Christian religion, and the white man’s law. The tribes had their own ways of dealing with problems and the breaking of their laws, but the white men moved in and changed all of that. They built courts and prisons so they could carry out their own kind of justice (Achebe, 1959).The tribal religions were ancient, but Christianity was introduced and made many villagers turn away from the gods that their families had followed for life times (Achebe 1959). Achebe’s opinion of these actions appears to be less than accommodating.From the way that he writes, it seems that he sympathized greatly with the people who were undergoing such change. One gets the impression that Achebe believes that the tribes would have been better off left alone. His presentation of the information is split into three sections, and each section deals with a different part of the main character, Okonkwo, life falling apart.The first section is a description of his happy life in his tribe, the second part deals with his banishment to his mother’s family land, and the third deals with his encounters with the white man and his desperate bids to change things back to the way they were (Achebe, 1959).It is made very clear that things have been so changed that they will never be â€Å"normal† again, and that seems to be the reason for the three point process. Life changes before the reader’s eyes, just as it changes be fore the characters eyes.   In this way the reader feels the loss of the tightly woven society bit by bit, and that seems to be what Achebe hopes to accomplish.Things Fall Apart is a fictional work, and so it does not have a basis in outside printed sources, or at least none that Achebe lists. This book is based on a reality that has been passed down for generations, and no doubt Achebe used some old stories and songs to base his story upon. However, the purpose of this book is not to focus on any one area. Instead, it is meant to represent all of Africa and all of what was lost during colonization.Narrowing the scope to a place and people that existed in reality would lessen the scope of the book. Perhaps that is why Achebe did not choose to use printed sources as his guide. Melding the bits of knowledge that he had about the whole colonization process into one book gives the reader pieces of every tribe, not just one in particular.Things Fall Apart has many chapters, but three m ajor sections. The first section tells the reader all about everyday life in the tribes. The reader learns how important it is to be seen as â€Å"manly,† and how necessary it is to stay in the good graces of the gods (Achebe, 1959). Also covered in this section are descriptions of the diet of the tribe, the clothing they wore, and the buildings in which they lived (Achebe, 1959).Tribal lore is also introduced, such as the thought that twin babies were evil and must be left to die, and the idea of the obanje child, an infant born again and again to the same woman, only to die at a young age every time (Achebe,, 1959). The reader also learns of the tribal forms of punishment, particularly the rule that accidental murders lead to a banishment of seven years to the motherland of the convicted (Achebe, 1959).This rule is particularly important to the rest of the story, because it is the first step in the downfall of Okonkwo. Achebe’s argument in this portion of the story s eems to be that although tribal life could be hard and cruel to outside eyes, it was nearly perfect for the people who lived it.Everyone in the villages knew their place and their contribution to the tribe as a whole, and as long as everyone did their part and kept to the rules that had been in effect for hundreds of years, life ran smoothly.Achebe paints a picture of a society that might not make a lot of sense to outsiders, but worked out just fine for the people within it. The underlying argument is, â€Å"Why force change on something that works?†

9 Extraordinary Traits of Successful People

9 Extraordinary Traits of Successful People Success can usually mean whatever you want it to mean. So to gain success, in one form or another, isn’t that hard to achieve. It’s being really successful that takes significant talent and gumption. And there’s no one way to get there. There are, however, certain traits  of successful people that are more common than other traits.  Chances are, if you have any of these 9 qualities, you will most likely be successful in life. 1. You’re generousYou’re not just happy when you succeed; you’re able to find happiness in the success of others, particularly those on your team. You understand about rising tides and how the team that works together and succeeds together has the best chance of making each member an individual success as well. That positive, generous attitude linking your personal success to others’ success is key.2. You’re always looking to learnYou’re easily bored, but instead of sitting around complaining, yo u constantly seek out new and novel experiences. If you can manage to channel this urge constructively and not devolve into reckless excess, then you can foster your curiosity and growth over the course of your whole life and career. If you can add persistence to your sense of adventure, imagine what you can accomplish. Bottom line: your impulses are good, as long as you can keep them in control.3. You don’t get too nerdy about work/life balanceYou’re not constantly trying to figure out how to ease up on work to make time for family. You define yourself by your family, your interests, your business- all of it. So you’re constantly keeping all of it bubbling on your stove. You don’t strive for work/life balance. You just live your life. Your life is your work, and vice versa.4. You’ve got empathySo many innovators and entrepreneurs succeed because they are able to solve a problem. The best problem solvers are those who can put themselves in othersâ €™ shoes. And the most successful people realize that the success of their team and employees is just as important as their personal gain.5. You’re always strivingYou’re not just proving yourself to the world; you’re proving yourself to yourself. And you won’t accept anything but your personal best. This is where your dedication and drive come from, and how you stay motivated to succeed.6. You’re willing to work harderAll over the world, there are people working harder than you are. Longer hours, higher output, you name it. If you really have a hunger to succeed, you’ll put in the time and energy necessary to do so- even if it means working more than the standard 40-hour week.7. You see money differentlyEvery raise and bonus isn’t just another thing you can buy in your eyes, it’s an opportunity (and a responsibility). The more money you make and accumulate, the greater care you take managing your resources. You give it back to your employees, the community, etc.- way before rewarding yourself. And the more you spread what you have around, the more will come back to you.8. You don’t toot your own hornEverybody these days thinks they are a special snowflake. You realize how much help and luck and privilege you’ve had to get you where you are- and what debts of gratitude you owe. You focus on this, rather than crowing about your accomplishments on social media. This humility and openness to asking for help and advice will only take you higher.9. You don’t sacrifice your dignityYour dignity, character, and integrity are more important to you than the success of the moment. After all, success is never guaranteed to last a lifetime, but who you are will. If you’re already certain of what you aren’t willing to sacrifice, you’ll be in good standing in your pursuit of success.

Free Essays on Porters Five Forces

International Business Analysis Explain how Porters Five Forces determines the attractiveness of an industry? What are the implications of the five forces on a firm’s strategy? Is there such a ting as an unattractive industry? Although Michel Porter’s Model of Five Competitive Forces is subject to critique, it still remains, some twenty five years after its conception a valuable tool in that stimulates managers to conceptualise their current situation and proposed changes in a structured way. Classical economic theory suggests that rates of return (risk-adjusted) will be constant across firms and industries. The most profitable companies have a strong competitive position in a highly profitable industry with the less profitable companies having a weak position in weak industries. It is the level of competition within an industry that affects the profits. There is an inverse relationship between profit margins and the intensity of competition: as the intensity of competition goes up, margins and returns are driven down. By nature some industries will be potentially more profitable than others, principally because their competitive position is stronger and are placed within a more profitable industry. Businesses strive to develop markets in which they can achieve ‘super profits’- to reduce the intensity of competition. To achieve this they must utilize strategies that place them at on advantage over their real or potential competitors. Porters Five Forces is an analytical tool that lays the foundation for the development of such strategies. Porters Five Forces is founded on microeconomics. It takes into account supply and demand, complementary products and substitutes, market structures and the relationship between volume of and cost of production, Four of the forces, the bargaining power of customers, and of suppliers, the threat of new entrants, and the threat of substitute products combine with other va... Free Essays on Porters Five Forces Free Essays on Porters Five Forces International Business Analysis Explain how Porters Five Forces determines the attractiveness of an industry? What are the implications of the five forces on a firm’s strategy? Is there such a ting as an unattractive industry? Although Michel Porter’s Model of Five Competitive Forces is subject to critique, it still remains, some twenty five years after its conception a valuable tool in that stimulates managers to conceptualise their current situation and proposed changes in a structured way. Classical economic theory suggests that rates of return (risk-adjusted) will be constant across firms and industries. The most profitable companies have a strong competitive position in a highly profitable industry with the less profitable companies having a weak position in weak industries. It is the level of competition within an industry that affects the profits. There is an inverse relationship between profit margins and the intensity of competition: as the intensity of competition goes up, margins and returns are driven down. By nature some industries will be potentially more profitable than others, principally because their competitive position is stronger and are placed within a more profitable industry. Businesses strive to develop markets in which they can achieve ‘super profits’- to reduce the intensity of competition. To achieve this they must utilize strategies that place them at on advantage over their real or potential competitors. Porters Five Forces is an analytical tool that lays the foundation for the development of such strategies. Porters Five Forces is founded on microeconomics. It takes into account supply and demand, complementary products and substitutes, market structures and the relationship between volume of and cost of production, Four of the forces, the bargaining power of customers, and of suppliers, the threat of new entrants, and the threat of substitute products combine with other va...

J. K. Rowling - Biography of Harry Potter Author

J. K. Rowling - Biography of 'Harry Potter' Author Who Is J.K. Rowling? J. K. Rowling is the author of the hugely popular Harry Potter books. Dates: July 31, 1965 Also Known As Joanne Rowling, Jo Rowling J. K. Rowling's Childhood J.K. Rowling was born at Yate General Hospital as Joanne Rowling (with no middle name) on July 31, 1965, in Gloucestershire, England. (Although Chipping Sodbury is often mentioned as her birthplace, her birth certificate says Yate.) Rowlings parents, Peter James Rowling and Anne Volant, met on a train on their way to join the British navy (the navy for Peter and the Womens Royal Naval Service for Anne). They married a year later, at age 19. At age 20, the young couple became new parents when Joanne Rowling arrived, followed by Joannes sister, Diane Di, 23 months later. When Rowling was young, the family moved twice. At age four, Rowling and her family moved to Winterbourne. It was here that she met a brother and sister who lived in her neighborhood with the last name Potter. At age nine, Rowling moved to Tutshill. The timing of the second move was clouded by the death of Rowlings favorite grandmother, Kathleen. Later, when Rowling was asked to use initials as a pseudonym for the Harry Potter books to attract more boy readers, Rowling chose K for Kathleen as her second initial to honor her grandmother. At age eleven, Rowling began attending the Wyedean School, where she worked hard for her grades and was terrible at sports. Rowling says that the character Hermione Granger is loosely based on Rowling herself at this age. At age 15, Rowling was devastated when given the news that her mother had become seriously ill with multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease. Instead of ever entering remission, Rowlings mother grew increasingly sick. Rowling Goes to College Pressured by her parents to become a secretary, Rowling attended the University of Exeter beginning at age 18 (1983) and studied French. As part of her French program, she lived in Paris for a year. After college, Rowling stayed in London and worked at several jobs, including at Amnesty International. The Idea for Harry Potter While on a train to London in 1990, having just spent the weekend apartment-hunting in Manchester, Rowling came up with the concept for Harry Potter. The idea, she says, simply fell into my head. Pen-less at the time, Rowling spent the remainder of her train-ride dreaming about the story and began to write it down as soon as she arrived home. Rowling continued to write snippets about Harry and Hogwarts but wasnt done with the book when her mother died on December 30, 1990. Her mothers death hit Rowling hard. In an attempt to escape the sorrow, Rowling accepted a job teaching English in Portugal. Her mothers death translated into more realistic and complex feelings for Harry Potter about his parents deaths. Rowling Becomes a Wife and Mother In Portugal, Rowling met Jorge Arantes and the two married on October 16, 1992. Although the marriage proved a bad one, the couple had one child together, Jessica (born July 1993). After getting divorced on November 30, 1993, Rowling and her daughter moved to Edinburgh to be near Rowlings sister, Di, at the end of 1994. The First Harry Potter Book Before starting another full-time job, Rowling was determined to finish her Harry Potter manuscript. Once she had completed it, she typed it up and sent it to several literary agents. After acquiring an agent, the agent shopped around for a publisher. After a year of searching and a number of publishers turning it down, the agent finally found a publisher willing to print the book. Bloomsbury made an offer for the book in August 1996. Rowlings first Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone (Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone was the U.S. title) became hugely popular, attracting an audience of young boys and girls as well as adults. With the public demanding more, Rowling quickly got to work on the following six books, with the last one published in July 2007. Hugely Popular In 1998, Warner Bros. bought the film rights and since then, extremely popular movies have been made of the books. From the books, the films, and the merchandise bearing Harry Potter images, Rowling has become one of the richest people in the world. Rowling Marries Again Between all of this writing and publicity, Rowling remarried on December 26, 2001, to Dr. Neil Murray. In addition to her daughter Jessica from her first marriage, Rowling has two additional children: David Gordon (born March 2003) and Mackenzie Jean (born January 2005). The Harry Potter Books Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone (June 26, 1997, in U.K.) (called Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone in the U.S., September 1998)Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (July 2, 1998, in U.K.) (June 2, 1999, in the U.S.)Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (July 8, 2000, in both U.K. and U.S.)Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (June 21, 2003, in both U.K. and U.S.)Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (July 16, 2005, in both U.K. and U.S.)Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (July 21, 2007, in both U.K. and U.S.)

Human Resource Assessment for CIPD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Resource Assessment for CIPD - Assignment Example There are several behaviors required to reach the professional level as mentioned in the HR map. They include being collaborative, the courage to challenge, being curious, decisive thinker, driven to deliver, personally credible, role model, and skilled influence, among others. The HR profession map highlights ways of practicing HR in a highly efficient manner. To be an HR professional one has to accept criticism and have the courage to challenge others as this will let you know if you're going through the right path. You must get feedback and opinions from others either by surveys, questionnaires or personal face-to-face meetings with all employees from different levels. Having those meetings will strengthen the communication between an HR professional and other colleagues. In addition, it will build respect for other peoples opinions and strengthen good relations. Getting feedback and criticism will also help you to improve yourself and makes you learn from your mistakes if you decide to take it in a good way. In some cases, it is not wrong to seek others help and opinions either if that help would come from a higher level such as the management or a lower level. When it comes to taking opinions from the lower level this will give motivation to them, and here you are building indirectly an environment that contains team working (Purcell and Swart, 2003, p.56). One important skill that we should have as an HR professional is to be a decisive thinker. We have to think carefully before talking or taking an action. Not only that, when any conflict arises we should listen to all sides of the story and look at the situation from different angles and think outside the box. To be able to have the brainstorming skill our information should be up to date and that is by reading about HR, socializing with other HR people through workshops, training courses, meetings to exchange experience  and information.  

Beer Consumers Decision-Making Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Beer Consumers Decision-Making - Case Study Example To be sure, beer is the dominant alcoholic drink among liquors. But despite a growing population of legal-age drinkers, spirits sales grew by 3% in 2003 while beer sales slipped by nearly 1%, according to Impact Databank (2004). With this concern, this is doubly difficult for beer companies because getting in front of consumers when they're young can shape habits for a lifetime. And out-on-the-town young adults drink more than older consumers who've slowed down. Bigger bar banners and broadcast TV buys aren't enough to reverse this trend. The new drinkers' media consumption is more fragmented than that of their forebears, and they're tougher to reach. Also, marketers must be careful not to use media or imagery that could skew towards under 21 age group. For instance, Coors Brewing Co. drew criticism for a tie-in with PG-13 rated "Scary Movie 3." Coors had expected the film to be rated R, like its two predecessors Marketers are trying to be more creative with on-premise promotions and choosing which media to use for ads. A classic example is Sidney Frank Importing Co.'s "Jager Girls" who show up at bars and press shots of Jagermeister liquor on patrons (Arndofer, 2004). The key to building a brand is to understand what consumers need from it, then to encourage those specific thoughts among them. The methods of doing this are diverse. There are the specific target audience, preferences, and of course the price. Recently, consumers have also been concerned about calories they get in a beer.